讲座题目：Antibiotic resistance transmission, dissemination and waste treatment in emerging countries
主 讲 人：David Graham教授
主 持 人：谢 冰 教授
开始时间：2016-11-3（周四）上午10:00
讲座地址：资环楼435会议室
主办单位：生态与环境科学学院 科技处
报告人简介：Prof David Graham is Professor of Ecosystems Engineering at Newcastle University in the UK who performs basic and applied environmental research in ecology, mathematics, biochemistry, molecular biology and public health. He obtained his BASC and MASc in civil engineering from the University of British Columbia in 1981 and PhD in environmental engineering and biochemistry at the University of Arizona (USA) in 1992. Graham then was a professor in environmental engineering at the University of Kansas (USA) for 12 years before moving to England for his Chaired Professorship. His work is innately multi-disciplinary, ranging from studies on the migration, fate and impact of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the environment; sanitation in emerging and developing countries; the molecular ecology and biochemistry of microbial greenhouse gas suppression; and waste-to-energy technologies that permit decentralized waste management. Graham has > 100 manuscripts in print (including Science and PNAS-USA), various international awards, and holds numerous UK and international research grants with active industrial links. This presentation includes work at the intersection of all his major interests. (英国纽卡斯尔大学和美国堪萨斯大学市政环境学院教授。主要研究领域：环境工程微生物，应用生物化学，生态工程原理，原位甲烷氧化生物地球化学。从事脆弱生态系统微生物的生态过程，温室气体产生的基因调节，人类活动导致抗性基因的影响和归宿等研究。目前主持多项国内和国际项目。在Science，PNAS，ISME和E.S&T等国际著名刊物发表文章百余篇)。
报告摘要：Antibiotic resistance (AR) is the ability of microorganisms to defend themselves against the negative effects of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Although AR is a natural phenomenon, AR in clinically important microorganisms has increased dramatically in recent years, especially after mass production of antibiotics expanded in the 1950s. Initially, antibiotics for medical use were obtained from natural sources, but as antibiotic use extended to other applications, such as “big” agriculture, target microorganisms progressively gained resistance to “old” drugs and the manufacture of new synthetic antimicrobial agents became essential. Unfortunately, as antibiotic use and environmental pollution has broadened further, even new drugs are becoming ineffective and multi-drug resistance is common around the world. This presentation will summarise the mediating role of pollution and the natural environment in increased human exposure to clinically relevant resistance. Although absolute causality has not been shown between environmental and clinical AR, the talk will provide suggestive evidence links exist around the world. Case studies on agricultural antibiotic use patterns in the USA; the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in receiving waters; and the dissemination of NDM-1 genes in the Upper Ganges River are provided as examples. Recent work in India will be highlighted, which shows how very specific human activity can change the environmental ARG pool and contribute to the transmission of multi-resistance via surface waters.